Scientist at work: Measuring public health impacts after disasters

But many questions remain about impacts on public health. What contaminants did floodwaters leave behind? How many people are being exposed to mold – which can grow rapidly in damp, humid conditions – as they repair their homes? Will there be an increase in Zika, West Nile or other vector-borne diseases as ? Or an uptick in reported cases of other illnesses?

I am an epidemiologist, and my work focuses on understanding the causes and distribution of illnesses, injuries and deaths among different populations – a critical issue during and after major disasters. Our work starts when the water recedes: We want to find out how well residents were prepared before the storm, and what kinds of health impacts they may be experiencing now or can expect in the future. If they still have unmet needs, we can connect them with information and resources.

Researchers are at work across Texas in areas impacted by Harvey. Here's what some of us are doing.

I'm currently working in Houston with partners from community organizations including and the to sample soil and sediment that was mobilized by flooding during Harvey.

For example, residents of Manchester, a neighborhood in Houston's East End with many low-income and minority residents, live close to , many of which were . They are worried that contaminated sediments may have been washed into their yards and could threaten their health if dust enters homes as it dries. This is a valid fear. A found that dredging in New Bedford, Massachusetts mobilized toxic PCBs from harbor sediments, which later were detected in house dust and yard soil in nearby homes.

We also are working around Buffalo Bayou, a slow-moving river that flows through Houston and buffers the city against flooding. Buffalo Bayou is surrounded by , including nature trails, bike paths, children's playgrounds and dog parks. Today trails in some of these parks are covered by up to six feet of . We are working with the Houston Health Department to collect and test these sediments for environmental and health hazards.

Documenting contamination is only the first step. Residents, the media and public officials can easily misinterpret lab results and risk predictions, which are based on complex modeling.

To help people understand what these exposures could mean to their short-term and long-term health, we are working with established teams of toxicologists, environmental health specialists, civil engineers, chemists, risk communication specialists and graphic designers as part of Texas A & M's . We are also exploring ways to use social media to communicate with residents at risk as part of the university's new .

During and after Harvey, some Houston residents were exposed to complex mixtures of contaminants from and . We need better, more accessible materials and communication tools to help people understand what kinds of health risks they may face if they have come in contact with industrial chemicals or hazardous waste.

After major disasters, epidemiologists need ways to determine quickly where the greatest needs lie. Student volunteers from my have helped conduct surveys to rapidly and assess .

We also can measure people's needs by looking at how they use telecommunications. After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005, researchers at Texas A & M's Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning analyzed use of , a telephone number that Texas used to help Katrina evacuees in Texas to search for services across the state. By studying 2-1-1 data, they were able to identify unmet needs in real time.

Now people are using during disasters. After Harvey, many desperate flooding victims to appeal for help or find supplies. With colleagues from Texas A & M's Computer Science and Engineering and Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences departments, I am analyzing tweets sent during Harvey to see how volunteer responders provided lifesaving assistance, and to understand risks and exposures that many volunteers may have experienced.

More information about Harvey's impacts will become available over time and can tell us a lot. I will be requesting and analyzing data from the to design studies to assess the quality and pace of recovery.

One key priority should be to enroll a large number of Houstonians in a that can follow them over time to see how strongly certain risk factors – such as exposures to contaminated flood waters, chemical spills or leaking Superfund sites – are associated with future illness. Researchers track cohort members' health by surveying them periodically, collecting biological samples from them and reviewing their medical records.

Studies like this after past disasters have produced important findings. Researchers used a registry of firefighters and emergency responders who were involved in the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks to from exposure to ignited chemicals and materials. The created a similar after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill to assess health outcomes of people who were involved in cleanup and remediation activities.

Epidemiology is , but is relatively new. Using epidemiologic methods and study designs in post-disaster settings can help identify vulnerable populations, quantify deaths and injuries and determine how disasters have affected public health. It also can lead to better decision-making and use of resources.

Wide-scale disasters can create conditions that foster serious health threats afterward. For example, in Texas and Florida communities that experienced hurricane flooding and where Zika virus is endemic, health officials may need to pay closer attention to people of childbearing age in shelters and put more resources into mosquito control and personal protective measures. Officials in Puerto Rico have reported two confirmed and 10 suspected cases of , a disease transmitted via contaminated water, in the wake of Hurricane Maria. Amassing more evidence about how disasters affect health will improve readiness, response, recovery and mitigation for all Americans.

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