Moscow: Timeline of Russian doping and corruption scandals after the International Olympic Committee on Sunday ordered individual sports federations to decide whether Russian competitors should take part in the Rio Games, after failing to agree on a complete ban.

December 2014

German broadcaster ARD airs documentary alleging systematic doping in Russian athletics. A week later, Russian athletics chief and IAAF treasurer Valentin Balakhnichev, and IAAF marketing consultant Pape Massata Diack, son of then-IAAF president Lamine Diack, step down. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) sets up an independent commission headed by its former chief, Dick Pound, to investigate the claims.

August 2015

ARD airs second documentary with new accusations aimed at Russian and Kenyan athletes based on a leaked IAAF database with details of 12,000 blood tests from 5,000 competitors which revealed "extraordinary" levels of doping. Sebastian Coe is elected to succeed Diack as IAAF president.

November 2015

French police charge Lamine Diack with corruption on suspicion the 83-year-old Senegalese accepted bribes to cover up doping cases. Diack also charged with money laundering and conspiracy.

WADA's report calls on Russia's track and field team to be banned from international competition, including from the 2016 Rio Olympics, until "state-sponsored" doping is eradicated.

The IAAF's 26-strong council suspends the Russian athletics team. WADA also suspends Russia's national anti-doping body, RUSADA, over non-compliance.

January 2016

IAAF ethics commission bans for life Balakhnichev and Pape Massata Diack over bribes taken to cover up doping failures by Russian athletes.

WADA's second report into doping and corruption is published. It says IAAF leaders must have known about the wide scope of doping.

May 2016

Former head of Moscow's anti-doping laboratory, Grigory Rodchenkov, exiled in the United States, describes an organised doping campaign including at least 15 medallists from the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, with the close involvement of the sports ministry and the FSB security service.

Three days after calling the claims "absurd", Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko says he is "ashamed and sorry".

June 2016

Another ARD programme claims that Russian authorities have been covering up for coaches disgraced by the doping programme, directly pinpointing Mutko for his alleged involvement in the cover-up.

The IAAF Council unanimously votes to extend the ban on the Russian athletics federation, but offers an Olympic lifeline to athletes training outside the Russian system to compete in Rio as neutrals.

July 2016

IAAF clears only US-based long jumper Darya Klishina to compete in Rio, after 136 Russian athletes applied for exemption from the blanket ban.

Later in the month -- and hardly two weeks before the Rio Games -- Canadian law professor Richard McLaren releases a report for WADA which outlines rampant Russian state-run doping at the Sochi Olympics and other major sports events.

The investigation finds the FSB secret service helped "the state-dictated failsafe system" carried out by the sports ministry and covering 30 sports.

WADA calls for Russia to be banned from the Rio Olympics.

In its first response, the IOC bans Mutko from Rio but defers a decision on a blanket ban for Russian competitors and says it wants to see what the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) does with 67 Russian athletes appealing against the ban on the track and field team.

July 21, 2016

CAS dismisses the Russian appeal.

July 24, 2016

The IOC executive decides that any Russian wanting to go to Rio will have to prove that he or she was not involved in doping and ordered individual sports federations to decide whether Russian competitors should take part.

AFP