Imagine a robot car with no one behind the wheel hitting another driverless car. Who's at fault?

The answer: No one knows. But plaintiff's lawyers are salivating at the prospects for big paydays from such accidents. If computers routinely crash they say then so will cars operated by them. And with no one behind the wheel lawyers say they can go after almost anyone even remotely involved.

"You're going to get a whole host of new defendants" said Kevin Dean who is suing General Motors Co over its faulty ignition switches and Takata Corp over air-bag failures. "Computer programmers computer companies designers of algorithms Google mapping companies even states. It's going to be very fertile ground for lawyers."

Driverless cars from Google and other manufacturers are touted as leading to an accident-free future where precise robot reflexes keep passengers out of harm's way. That automotive utopia may one day eliminate death on the highway proponents say. But before then it's inevitable that first- generation robot cars are going to collide with other driverless vehicles and those with accident-prone humans behind the wheel.

Possible roadblock

"There is going to be a moment in time when there's going to be a crash and it's going to be undetermined who or what was at fault" said David Strickland former head of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and now a partner at the Venable law firm in Washington. "That's where the difficulty begins."

Consumer concerns about liability could represent a roadblock to acceptance of driverless cars. That's why Volvo Cars Google and Daimler's Mercedes-Benz have all pledged to accept liability if their vehicles cause an accident.

"We want customers to trust we've done a really good job" said Anders Eugensson Volvo's director of government affairs. "That's why we say if anything happens we assume liability. We feel we can't launch vehicles to customers unless we're able to make that statement."

But plaintiff's lawyers don't make much of that pledge which they see as merely a marketing ploy.

"Every car manufacturer says 'We absolutely stand behind our car if there's anything wrong with it'" said David Bright a Corpus Christi Texas lawyer who represents victims in auto-defect cases. "Then they say 'There's nothing wrong with it.'"

Not foreseen

What makes the issue so tricky is that current law holds a car owner often the driver responsible for accidents first and foremost. If an owner wants to blame the manufacturer then he or she must prove the company was negligent in some way. But modern product-liability law didn't contemplate cars without drivers.

"There's going to have to be some changes to the laws" Strickland said. "There is no such thing right now that says the manufacturer of the automated system is financially responsible for crashes."

And the owners of self-driving cars might not feel so responsible in a collision especially if they're sleeping in the back seat or as Volvo's Eugensson suggested "updating Facebook".

No clarity

"No one wants to be sued or be arrested for a crash that they were powerless to prevent" said Bryant Walker Smith assistant professor of law at the University of South Carolina who has written extensively on driverless-car liability.

So the first owner of a driverless car to be in such an accident will have an opportunity to set a precedent by suing the maker of the autonomous system which could be a car company or a technology firm. Such a case might also test current insurance-coverage notions which presume that the driver is primarily responsible.

Anyone suing won't find much clarity in existing case law. A search of court records found limited litigation over autonomous features such as automatic braking or lane-keeping which steers a car back into the correct position if it crosses the line. Volvo has asked that regulators come up with uniform rules of the road for driverless cars. The automaker is concerned that "there's going to be a patchwork of regulations in the US from different states" Eugensson said.

Google's track

This month California proposed rules for driverless cars that would require a human always be ready to take the wheel. The proposals would also compel the companies creating the cars to file monthly reports on their performance. Google said it was "gravely disappointed" in the proposed rules which could set the standard for autonomous-car regulations nationwide.

Google which has developed a car with no steering wheel or gas pedal is on a fast track. It plans to make its self-driving cars unit a standalone business next year and someday operate them in a ride-hailing service according to a person briefed on the company's strategy.

While lawyers focus on the safety of autonomous autos human error remains the cause of more than 90 per cent of the 33000 fatalities on US roads annually. Robot cars are expected to radically reduce that number. And they'll be backed by the world's richest technology companies and automakers.

"If you have to be hit by a car then you should hope that you're hit by an automated car because you will likely have recourse to a company or companies with far deeper pockets than your average driver vehicle owner or insurance policy" Smith said.

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