Istanbul: More than 400000 Syrian children living in Turkey are not in school largely because of financial hardship a plight which could push more refugees into making a desperate journey to Europe or even returning to their war-torn homeland Human Rights Watch said in a report Monday.

It called on the international community and Turkey to act urgently to ensure Syrians who have fled the four-and-a-half year conflict have greater access to education.

"Failing to provide Syrian children with education puts an entire generation at risk" said Stephanie Gee of HRW's refugee rights programme.

"With no real hope for a better future desperate Syrian refugees may end up putting their lives on the line to return to Syria or take dangerous journeys to Europe."

The UN refugee agency said last week it expected up to 600000 migrants and refugees to risk the crossing from Turkey to Greece over the next four months alone.

Financial hardship was a major obstacle preventing Syrian children going to class in Turkey HRW said with refugees not permitted to work legally and often unable to afford any school fees or transport charges.

Child labour rampant

"Parents are often unable to provide for their families on the minimal income they make in the informal labour market and as a result child labour is rampant among the Syrian refugee population."

Many were also unable to attend school because of the language barrier while others faced bullying and social integration difficulties and in some cases they were even turned away HRW said.

In total nearly three million children are out of school both inside and outside Syria a country where once primary school enrolment was almost 100 percent according to estimates from the UN children's agency UNICEF.

More than four million Syrians have fled the conflict since March 2011 with the number of dead estimated at more than 250000.

Turkey which is hosting more than 2.2 million refugees alone last year agreed to grant Syrian children access to public schools and to authorise temporary education centres set up by charities or other organisations.

But out of a total of 708000 school-age children from Syria only 212000 were enrolled in formal primary or secondary education last year HRW said quoting Turkish education ministry figures.

Although the enrolment rate inside refugee camps was nearly 90 percent most Syrians live in towns and cities across Turkey and there the rate was only 25 percent it said.

Turkey has already spent more than $7 billion (6.5 billion euros) on the Syrian refugee crisis since 2011 and $252 million on education in 2014-2015 alone Human Rights Watch said.

The education ministry said last month it aimed to have 270000 Syrian children in school by January and 370000 by the end of the 2015-2016 school year.

"Securing these children's education will reduce the risks of early marriage and military recruitment of children by armed groups stabilise their economic future by increasing their earning potential and ensure that today's young Syrians will be better equipped to confront uncertain futures" HRW said.

AFP